O texto apresenta o pensamento de Friedrich Nietzsche sobre os fundamentos da religião cristã. Trata-se de uma abordagem em que se traz à tona criticas, entendidas como posicionamento filosófico do autor de O Anticristo. Considerando-se que a fé e a verdade são temáticas que estão indissociáveis na Crítica de Nietzsche à religião cristã, buscou-se denotar a importância destes assuntos atrelados à convicção religiosa no cristianismo. Isso porque, em conformidade com a perspectiva de Nietzsche, é um posicionamento que desafiou a cosmovisão (...) de seu tempo, e perdura ainda até hoje. Isto é, a respeito da conjuntura religiosa do contexto social e religioso do século XIX, mas que hodierno instiga apreciação investigativa. (shrink)

A lógica I1, um sistema trivalorado de caráter fracamente intuicionista, foi introduzida, via sistema axiomático (Hilbertiano) em 1995 por Sette e Carnielli. O presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar esse sistema em um formalismo lógico em Cálculo de Sequentes, denominado de GI1, o qual se apresenta como um sistema de prova de teoremas, caracterizado como um algoritmo, sendo mais aplicável do ponto de vista computacional, por meio da dualização do sistema de tableaux analíticos TI1. Ademais, é apresentado a equivalência dedutiva (...) entre o sistema de sequentes GI1 com o sistema Hilbertiano I1. (shrink)

A Associação Brasileira de Famílias Homotransafetivas (Abrafh) é uma entidade que luta pelo reconhecimento das populações cujo núcleo é formado por sujeitos LGBTQIA+. A instituição busca representar os anseios e expectativas dessas famílias em diferentes âmbitos sociais, assim como combater os desrespeitos e preconceitos advindos de um sistema heterossexista. Este trabalho busca compreender como a Abrafh mobiliza as dimensões do afeto e da solidariedade na luta política. Para isso, entrevistamos quatro representantes do primeiro conselho diretor. Por meio de uma análise (...) qualitativa de conteúdo discursivo, pudemos compreender que a Abrafh, segundo os diretores, surge para acolher, defender e representar as famílias homoafetivas no sentido de tornar estes cidadãos emancipados e com direitos reconhecidos. Conclui-se que a instituição atua principalmente a partir da possibilidade de responder satisfatoriamente à necessidade que os sujeitos têm de desenvolverem conexões baseadas na confiança afetiva na continuidade da dedicação mútua. (shrink)

We present in this article a discussion about gestures produced from the childhood entry in the interface with the experience of school time. It is a discussion woven inside the center for studies and research in education in particular, the times group of the faculty of education of the federal university of Juiz de Fora/MG. Throughout history, time has been discussed in various ways and still is, as well as childhood, conceptually constructed as a result of social, political, religious, and (...) cultural influences. In the attempt to "start thinking", we ask ourselves about what theoretical formulations have been based on childhood at the interface with school time in the field of education? We defend the central thesis that childhood, in a western cut, has been presented in productions still as social time. It is a recent movement to consider childhood as an event, experience, as opposed to the idea of childhood as the stage of life. As a result, considering infancy related to the tension between social time and time as intensity of the present, implies the need for pedagogical gestures that think this tension and, thus, consider the children of the current, narrowing their relations with the school, with knowledge and with life. To enlighten the issues sewn from our concerns, we chose authors such as Agamben, Leal, Bakhtin/Volochinov, Kohan, Vieira, Bento and Meneghel, Kramer, Borba, who focused on childhood and education. In order to problematize the time category, we dialogued with St. Augustine, Oliveira, Marques C. and Marques L, Skliar. The reading of our interlocutors and our listening with/to the school could subsidize the thought that we can invent ways not only imagined as possible with the perspective of reflecting time, childhood, experience and school on other bases. The interrogation, not the conviction, enables the sense of knowledge in the materiality of our practices, produced inside/outside the university. These are underprivileged subjects in curriculum matrices and disciplines that address the issue of children, their childhoods and temporalities. (shrink)

RESUMO Neste artigo pretendemos refletir acerca da constituição do sujeito político a partir de dois conceitos específicos: rosto e cena de dissenso. Nosso argumento pretende evidenciar como, ao “aparecerem”, os indivíduos produzem uma cena polêmica de enunciação na qual se desencadeia um processo de subjetivação política e de criação de formas dissensuais de comunicação e performance que inventam modos de ser, ver e dizer, configurando outras interfaces entre experiência estética e política. Tal processo potencializa a invenção de novas visualidades e (...) interlocuções nas quais se inscreve o rosto, definido aqui como o vestígio de um lugar do outro que se transforma na promessa do meu próprio lugar, assumindo caráter político e comunicacional, num processo incessante de subjetivação política em que ética e estética se tangenciam. ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to ponder on the constitution of the political subject from two specific concepts: the face and the scene of dissensus, in order to show how the “appearance” of the individuals can produce a controversial scene of dissensus, trigger a process of political subjectivation and the creation of dissensual forms of expression and communication that invent new ways of being, seeing and saying, configuring new ways of collective enunciation and interconnections between aesthetic experience and politics. This is related to the invention of new visualities and interlocutions in which the face is inscribed. Face is defined here as the vestige of a place of the other that is transformed into the promise of my own place, assuming a political and communicational character, in an incessant process of political subjectivation where ethics and aesthetics are related. (shrink)

Introduction: The aim of this review was to systematically synthesize the published literature describing the psychological and behavioral correlates of recreational running in adults, defined as running for leisure, with or without a competitive component.Methods: Quantitative research published in peer-reviewed journals until January 2021 were included. Studies were identified through MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science and were included in this review if they were aimed at recreational running, included general adult samples, and assessed psychological or behavioral correlates of (...) recreational running.Results: Fifty-six articles reporting 58 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included. There were 27 cross-sectional studies, 12 longitudinal studies, and 19 trials. Twenty-eight studies assessed antecedents of running behavior, and 25 studies used running behavior as treatment or predictor of a given effect or outcome. Four studies examined both predictors and outcomes of running. Thirty-one studies showed poor quality, while 20 had fair and 7 good quality. Motives were the most frequently studied antecedent of running behavior, and results suggest that the highest-ranked or more prevalent motives were physical health, psychological motives, and personal achievement. Additionally, perceived control, attitude toward running, intention and subjective norms, self-efficacy, and social support may have also played a role in the adoption of recreational running. Moreover, improvements in mood and well-being were the most frequently reported positive outcomes of running. Reductions in depression, anxiety, and stress were also reported in included studies.Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review on this topic. The identification of behavioral and psychological correlates of recreational running across populations can contribute to inform and guide a public policy agenda, focused on helping people sustain regular physical activity, through a modality they have chosen and appear to enjoy.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=68954, identifier: CRD42017068954. (shrink)

Therapeutic strategies capable of inducing and enhancing prosthesis embodiment are a key point for better adaptation to and acceptance of prosthetic limbs. In this study, we developed a training protocol using an EMG-based human-machine interface that was applied in the preprosthetic rehabilitation phase of people with amputation. This is a case series with the objective of evaluating the induction and enhancement of the embodiment of a virtual prosthesis. Six men and a woman with unilateral transfemoral traumatic amputation without previous use (...) of prostheses participated in the study. Participants performed a training protocol with the EMG-based HMI, composed of six sessions held twice a week, each lasting 30 mins. This system consisted of myoelectric control of the movements of a virtual prosthesis immersed in a 3D virtual environment. Additionally, vibrotactile stimuli were provided on the participant’s back corresponding to the movements performed. Embodiment was investigated from the following set of measurements: skin conductance response, crossmodal congruency effect, ability to control the virtual prosthesis, and reports before and after the training. The increase in the skin conductance response in conditions where the virtual prosthesis was threatened, recalibration of the peripersonal space perception identified by the crossmodal congruency effect, ability to control the virtual prosthesis, and participant reports consistently showed the induction and enhancement of virtual prosthesis embodiment. Therefore, this protocol using EMG-based HMI was shown to be a viable option to achieve and enhance the embodiment of a virtual prosthetic limb. (shrink)

This paper argues for contextualism about predicates of personal taste and evaluative predicates in general, and offers a proposal of how apparently resilient disagreements are to be explained. The present proposal is complementary to others that have been made in the recent literature. Several authors, for instance (López de Sa, 2008; Sundell, 2011; Huvenes, 2012; Marques and García-Carpintero, 2014; Marques, 2014a), have recently defended semantic contextualism for those kinds of predicates from the accusation that it faces the problem (...) of lost disagreement. These authors have proposed that a proper account of the resilient disagreement in the cases studied is to be achieved by an appeal to pragmatic processes, and to conflicting non-doxastic attitudes. It is argued here that the existing contextualist solutions are incomplete as they stand, and are subject to objections because of this. A supplementation of contextualism is offered, together with an explanation of why failed presuppositions of commonality (López de Sa), disputes over the appropriateness of a contextually salient standard (Sundell), and differences in non-doxastic attitudes (Sundell, Huvenes, Marques, and García-Carpintero) give rise to conflicts. This paper claims that conflicts of attitudes are the reason why people still have impressions of disagreement in spite of failed commonality presuppositions, that those conflicts drive metalinguistic disputes over the selection of appropriate standards, and hence conflicting non-doxastic attitudes demand an explanation that is independent of those context dependent pragmatic processes. The paper further argues that the missing explanation is 2-fold: first, disagreement prevails where the properties expressed by taste and value predicates are response-dependent properties, and, secondly, it prevails where those response-dependent properties are involved in evolved systems of coordination that respond to evolutionarily recurrent situations. (shrink)

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo explicar os mecanismos básicos da linguagem no século XVI, a partir da arqueologia de Michel Foucault. Para tanto, o itinerário a ser percorrido parte de uma breve introdução ao pensamento do autor e do panorama geral do livro, de sua autoria, “As palavras e as coisas: uma arqueologia das ciências humanas”, bem como de suas questões fundamentais. Após, analisar-se-á o capítulo que trata sobre a filosofia do Renascimento, intitulado “A prosa do mundo”, de modo (...) a elucidar a visão que os renascentistas tinham acerca da linguagem e o que a caracterizava. Também é premente verificar qual a relevância de tal período para Foucault em sua pesquisa sobre a linguagem, a concepção desta como autônoma, independente, dissociada das ideias. Por fim, é feita uma retomada crítica dos pontos abordados neste trabalho. A pesquisa foi bibliográfica e teve como principal referência o livro “As palavras e as coisas” (2000), do mesmo autor. (shrink)

The paper confronts the disagreement argument for relativism about matters of taste, defending a specific form of contextualism. It is first considered whether the disagreement data might manifest an inviariantist attitude speakers pre-reflectively have. Semantic and ontological enlightenment should then make the impressions of disagreement vanish, or at least leave them as lingering ineffectual Müller-Lyer-like illusions; but it is granted to relativists that this does not fully happen. López de Sa’s appeal to presuppositions of commonality and Sundell’s appeal to metalinguistic (...) disagreement are discussed, and it is argued that, although they help to clarify the issues, they do not fully explain why such impressions remain under enlightenment. To do it, the paper develops a suggestion that other writers have made, that the lingering impression of disagreement is a consequence of a practical conflict, appealing to dispositions to practical coordination that come together with presuppositions of commonality in axiological matters. (shrink)

This paper explores some alternative accounts of doxastic disagreement, and shows what problems each faces. It offers an account of doxastic disagreement that results from the incompatibility of the content of doxastic attitudes, even when that content’s truth is relativized. On the best definition possible, it is argued, neither non-indexical contextualism nor assessment-relativism have an advantage over contextualism. The conclusion is that conflicts that arise from the incompatibility (at the same world) of the content of given doxastic attitudes cannot be (...) accommodated by theoretical positions that allow for the compatibility (at the same world) of the content of different doxastic attitudes. (shrink)

The study aims to contribute to understand the Vitruvian design system through the analysis of the temples described in the text leading to the three key concepts related: proportio, commensus and commodulatio. At first, it is proposed a conceptual discussion about the origin of the compositional elements, and further it is discussed the concept of proportio as an operation of sizing and scaling these elements individually. Analyzed the definition and types of elements, it is proposed to continue the discussion on (...) the relationship that must be built as a way of associating elements in a consistent way, leading to the notion of symmetria, understood as an ideal state in which the elements maintain dimensional and/or geometrical relationships between them, creating a relational harmony. From the operational point of view, it is sought to demonstrate that the Vitruvian symmetria is fetched from two types of relations: a modular and a dimensional. (shrink)

Book review: Giraldo, J.. Marx después del marxismo. Medellín: Editorial Universidad de Antioquia.

How can we disagree with a bald-faced liar? Can we actively disagree if it is common ground that the speaker has no intent to deceive? And why do we disapprove of bald-faced liars so strongly? Bald-faced lies pose problems for accounts of lying and of assertion. Recent proposals try to defuse those problems by arguing that bald-faced lies are not really assertions, but rather performances of fiction-like scripts, or different types of language games. In this paper, I raise two objections (...) to the fictionalist view, and then offer an analysis of how we disagree with bald-faced liars. I conclude that bald-faced lies are assertions, and that in pronouncing a bald-faced lie, the speaker tries to make it common ground that the assertion was in good standing qua assertion. (shrink)

This paper explores the possibility of developing a hybrid version of dispositional theories of aesthetic values. On such a theory, uses of aesthetic predicates express relational second-order dispositional properties. If the theory is not absolutist, it allows for the relativity of aesthetic values. But it may be objected to on the grounds that it fails to explain disagreement among subjects who are not disposed alike. This paper explores the possibility of adapting recent proposals of hybrid expressivist theories for moral predicates (...) to the case of aesthetic predicates. Hybrid expressivist theories make no explicit commitment about the kind of property expressed by the predicate, but make explicit commitments to implicated (or presupposed)expressive content. It is argued that dispositionalism about the properties expressed by aesthetic predicates, combined with expressive implicatures (or presuppositions), can account for aesthetic disagreements even in cases where subjects are not relevantly alike. (shrink)

The purpose of the present study is to examine the attitudes of Portuguese chartered accountants with respect to questions of ethical nature that can arise in their professional activity. Respondents were asked to respond to the Ethics Position Questionnaire developed by Forsyth (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39(1), 175–184, 1980), in order to determine their idealism and relativism levels. Subsequently, they answered questions about five scenarios related to accounting practices, with the objective of measuring their ethical judgments. Based on (...) the idealism and relativism levels of our respondents, they were classified into one of four groups, representing different ethical ideologies (absolutism, exceptionism, subjectivism, and situationism). The results indicated that age was the major determinant of relativism. Contrary to previous research, older respondents revealed themselves significantly more relativistic than younger ones. Gender seems to be the most important determinant of ethical judgments; against expectations, men evidenced significantly stricter judgments than women in two of the five scenarios. Findings also indicated that respondents’ ethical judgments did not differ significantly based on their ethical ideology, supporting the idea that ethical ideology is not an important determinant of ethical judgments. (shrink)

“Postularse como un ser radicalmente autogenerado, ser el autor de la propia voluntad y conocimiento, es negar que uno está constituido en y por lo que es infinitamente más grande que el individuo humano. Kierkegaard llamará a esta fuente más grande que todo lo humano 'Dios' o 'el infinito'. Negar que uno está constituido en lo que es más grande que uno mismo es, para Kierkegaard, estar en una especie de desesperación”.

The objective of the present review on the evolution of Green Chemistry, since its emergence until 2016, aimed an integrated vision of its progress along the three phases of its development: emergence, divulgation and consolidation. The methodology involved the analysis of a selection of bibliography on the evolution of GC collected from issues of the ACS symposia series; editorials in specialized GC journals; and commemorative birthday papers/editorials of these journals and of the GC itself. The analysis allowed to identify and (...) discuss the characteristics and conceptions of GC agents about fundamental concepts and procedures, in order to visualize and better understand the state of knowledge and the subject areas that make up the field. The main alterations identified in the evolution of GC were: it acquired a better defined identity, with more participation of academy and increased scope; was progressively framed in sustainability; has been aspiring to a holistic frame and to a change on the nature of the innovation for its implementation, from incremental to transformative. The analysis suggests that for supporting expansion and consolidation of GC the following aspects deserve attention: full validation of chemical greenness by metrics; better characterization of the frontiers of GC research areas/themes; increased integration between academy and industry; and penetration in chemistry curricula. Its basic philosophy being the practice of a chemistry more focused on the environment preservation, GC means a new stage in nature and in the history of Chemistry. (shrink)

This special issue of Erkenntnis is devoted to the varieties of disagreement that arise in different areas of discourse, and the consequences we should draw from these disagreements, either concerning the subject matter and its objectivity, or concerning our own views about this subject matter if we learn, for example, that an epistemic peer disagrees with our view. In this introduction we sketch the background to the recent philosophical discussions of these questions, and the location occupied therein by the articles (...) in this collection. (shrink)

Discute a pertinência do quanto o uso dos conceitos de mal banal e mal radical se esboçam como potenciais referências analíticas para a compreender os processos de desinformação que circulam na esfera pública, em especial nas plataformas de rede social, como forma de fomentar uma problematização que defende que essas manifestações encontram-se fundamentadas tanto na pauperização interpretativa dos sujeitos e coletividades, quanto no ódio reproduzido de forma instrumental, perpetuado em razão de interesses políticos, econômicos e religiosos. Dessa forma, o presente (...) estudo apresenta aspectos relativos às noções de mal radical (Kant) e sua rearticulação na obra de Arendt (mal banal e mal radical), os relacionando, aos conceitos de desinformação, de esfera pública e de mundo da vida como forma de teorizar o quanto a desinformação inviabiliza a ampliação de atos inter locucionários e o entendimento intersubjetivo no âmbito da política. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem como objetivo primordial articular as experiências de iniquidade e sofrimento a partir da operacionalização de alguns conceitos decisivos das obras de Hannah Arendt e Byung-Chul Han. Nesse sentido, pretendo mostrar que uma das formas hegemônicas de experiência do mal na contemporaneidade se revela na produção de vidas descartáveis em meio a sistemas político-culturais violentos, que se caracterizam por estar em constante devir e por reduzir os devires à própria descartabilidade humana. Isso se revela tanto no mal (...) radical presente nos campos de concentração nazistas, quanto na ditadora da positividade produtivista inerente a psicopolítica neo-liberal. (shrink)

O presente artigo objetiva compreender se o Judiciário pode vetar a implementação de uma Política Pública em decorrência dos parâmetros ideológicos sustentados pelo gestor público que a formatou. Para tanto, tomou-se como ponto de partida o seguinte problema de pesquisa: é possível que o Poder Judiciário proíba uma política pública a partir da ideologia desta? O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos; o primeiro deles trazendo a discussão atinente ao pós-positivismo jurídico neste país; o segundo visando esclarecer a respeito do (...) conceito de ideologia; e o terceiro e último abordando o controle judicial sobre as chamadas escolas cívico-militares. Ao cabo, concluiu-se que a intromissão do judiciário nesta seara constitui-se em caso de ativismo judicial, que desvirtua e corrompe a separação dos poderes. O mandato político concedido ao gestor público concede a ele a liberdade de escolher a maneira como conduzirá suas ações, desde que constitucionais. Utilizou-se, na pesquisa, os métodos qualitativo e bibliográfico de pesquisa. (shrink)

Comparing Averroes' and Hegel's positions on the relation between philosophy and religion, this book explores the relation between faith and reason in a medieval Islamic and a modern Christian context. Through an in-depth analysis of Averroes' and Hegel's views on philosophical and religious language and method, Belo presents new insights into their perspectives on the relation between philosophical knowledge and religious knowledge. In addition to discussing the parallels and differences of their positions, Belo explores particular works which have not yet (...) been analysed by modern scholarship. (shrink)

O presente estudo pretende dialogar sobre o conceito contemporâneo da informação como veículo democrático. A informação na contemporaneidade tem sido banalizada, haja vista que ela é um instrumento de poder já que tem a capacidade de se comunicar com o seu meio e, ao mesmo tempo, é usada como estratégia de dominação. A democracia, governo de muitos, busca integrar interesse de todos na tentativa de criar um ambiente equânime de tomada de decisões. De um lado temos a informação e todas (...) as suas nuanças e, do outro, a manipulação dela fundamentada no discurso de que corrobora para o movimento democrático. O tema é fronteiriço, arenoso e recorrente direcionado a seguinte pergunta de investigação: quais são as teorias produzidas no campo da informação que corroboram com o desenvolvimento de habilidades e competências na tomada de decisão democrática? Cabe refletir sobre os fundamentos da democracia deliberativa a partir de Jürgen Habermas dentro do contexto da teoria crítica, trazendo à tona, desse modo, a ideia da competência crítica em informação. Na tentativa de operar e sustentar este estudo, utilizaremos, como inspiração, o autor supracitado, para (re)pensar pressupostos teóricos da Ciência da Informação, e, por conseguinte, buscar responder à questão de investigação que orienta esse processo de investigação dialógico, porém, não se encerrando nela para procurar pensar a competência em informação na sociedade contemporânea. (shrink)

The paper starts by distinguishing between two kinds of economic practice: theoretical economic practice (TEP) (model and theory building) and direct economic practice (DEP) (the practical operation upon real economies). Most of the epistemological and philosophical considerations have been directed to the first type of practice, one of whose main goals is the discovery of particular sorts of economic laws, mechanisms and other regularities which throw light on relevant economic patterns. We do not deny that in some restricted domains these (...) kinds of regularities may be found. Rather, we claim that the realm of economics is best understood as consisting of processes whose regular structure (if they have one at all) is not guaranteed beforehand but may be crucially influenced and successfully enforced by what we call DEP. We claim that (a) some economic processes are a particular type of social process that will be referred to as Expectations-Based Processes (EBP). Characteristically, an EBP shows a connection between the information that individuals receive from the relevant economic context, the expectations they form, and the actions they perform; (b) in those cases in which EBP exhibit a regular behaviour, they depend on agents' expectations and, crucially, we argue, on interventions upon them. Authorities as well as other economic actors may intervene to change agents' expectations (and therefore, their decisions), contributing to shape EBP and helping to produce the patterns that lead to some targeted economic phenomena. These features of EBP show that they are not shielded from external influences and they do not run autonomously once triggered. Therefore they cannot be conceived as mechanisms or as economic machines. Rather they are open-ended processes that require continuous prodding on the part of policy makers to keep them running in the intended way. (shrink)

SÍNTESE - O artigo tematiza as chamadas provas da existência de Deus na filosofia de René Descartes. A primeira, propriamente cartesiana, parte da idéia de infinito, presente no eu, para a existência do Ser infinito; a segunda, versão cartesiana do argumento da contingentia mundi, parte da existência do eu contingente que possui a idéia para a existência de Deus; a terceira é uma reedição do argumento ontológico de Santo Anselmo.

Does the Holy Spirit acts in Church? If so, what are His ways of action? How does the Spirit works in the believer and the community and for what purposes? Apostle Paul's guidelines recorded in his first letter to Corinthians community show that the Spirit works in church and in a certain variety of ways. Detailing these forms of action of the Spirit based on the text of the First Letter to the Corinthians, in twelve and fourteen chapters, is the (...) main objective of this research. This detail is important for a better understanding of the Spirit’s action in Church. The reading of the biblical text, the searching for positions of authors who have studied the issue and the development of research-driven established structure into two distinct sections, such as the distribution of gifts and the building of church, constitute a consistent methodology in order to achieve the purposes of this study. As a result of the research, it can be concluded that there are unambiguous actions of the Spirit in church. Text analysis allows us to observe that there are several forms of action and they pass directly through the granting of spiritual gifts that, if used accordingly to the order standards, lead church to edification. (shrink)

The called Middle Ages was a time marked by the outbreak of resistance movements which had as main and common characteristic the opposition to the stance adopted by the Roman Catholic Church during this period of history. The target of this research is to identify the main features of the clergy in this period, as well as identify what were these resistance movements and their theological basis. The method adopted here is to search for bibliographical material, establishing as the main (...) base, notably the writings of the theologian José Comblin, who produced vast material on this issue. As result of this work, it could be detected that these movements occurred in a profuse way. Over that, it was also evident in this search result that power centralization, enrichment and inattention to the reality of the poor, all these outstanding features in the behavior of the Catholic Church in the period were elements that constituted the main cause of the outbreak of such movements. (shrink)

Resumo: Neste trabalho discute-se a crítica de István Mészáros à Lógica de Hegel. Aponta-se como o marxismo realiza a crítica aos pontos de partida e de chegada da Ciência da lógica, quais sejam, o pensamento sem pressupostos e o círculo auto-constituído da Lógica. Com isso, indica-se a diferença entre os modos hegeliano e marxista de conceber o enraizamento do conhecimento no processo de vida real. Discute-se ainda como István Mészáros realizou uma dura crítica à hipostasiação do método dialético em G. (...) Lukács, crítica esta que se apóia na rejeição de um método que deixa de prestar contas ao ser e que, por isso, acaba lidando com a identidade entre conhecimento e ser como uma mera postulação abstrata.: This paper discusses István Mészáros critique of Hegel’s Logic. We point out how Marxism criticizes the presuppositionless thinkingand self-constituted circle of reasoning of the Science of logic. We thereby show the difference between the Hegelian and Marxist ways of conceiving the rooting of knowledge in the process of real life. We also discuss how Mészáros made a scathing critique of the hypostatization of dialectical method in Lukács work. This critique is based on the rejection of a method that fails to be accountable to the real world and therefore ends up treating the identity of knowledge and being as a mere abstract postulation. (shrink)

Collin Howson (2000) challenges van Cleve’s reliabilist defense of induction (1984) based on an adaptation of Goodman Paradox (or new riddle of induction). I will try to show that Howson’s argument does not succeed once it is self-defeating. Nevertheless, I point out another way which Howson could have employed the new riddle to undermine the reliabilist defense.

Educational policy and social sciences researchers have been studying dishonest behaviors among students for a long time. In this bibliometric study we examine the extant literature on academic dishonesty until 2017. We also analyze the specific case of the literature on plagiarism since it is arguably one of the most common academic dishonest behavior. We aim at identifying the intellectual structure of the field of academic dishonesty and plagiarism. Results show that Donald L. McCabe and Richard L. Marsh appear as (...) the most productive authors. Furthermore, Whitley, 235–274, 1998) “Factors associated with cheating among college students: A review”, and Pennycook, 201–230, 1996), entitled “Borrowing others’ words: Text, ownership, memory, and plagiarism” are the most cited publications on academic dishonesty and on plagiarism, respectively. Additionally, a strong connection between the McCabe and Treviño articles emerged from the co-citation analysis on academic dishonesty, and also a strong relationship between Pennycook, 201–230, 1996) and Pecorari, 317–345, 2003), suggesting that these articles are strongly connected. Results suggest that these are the most influential authors and articles of the field. (shrink)

Ao pensar as condições de adequação para a responsabilização moral, Michelle Ciurria não discute se o agente tem controle da ação. Ela propõe que a vítima seja trazida para o centro da discussão e questiona até mesmo a ideia de que a ignorância moral do agente impede a atribuição de culpa em alguns casos. Esse desafio à condição epistêmica pode dar origem a objeções. Por isso, proponho explicar por que essa condição não é importante se levarmos a proposta de Ciurria (...) a sério, e como a influência dos esquemas de gênero na sensação de agência ajuda a mostrar isso. (shrink)

Este estudo objetiva relacionar a felicidade epicurista, particularmente a partir da análise da Carta a Meneceu, de Epicuro (341 a.C.-260 a. C.) ao sofrimento psíquico de pós-graduandos stricto sensu, pertencentes ao atual sistema social capitalista. A pesquisa de campo e de método mistos, utilizou como instrumento para a coleta de dados um survey interseccional, respondido por 76 discentes de um Programa de Pós-Graduação stricto sensu em Educação (PPGE), localizado no estado do Paraná-PR. A análise dos resultados ocorreu a partir do (...) conceito de felicidade expresso por Epicuro de Samos, além de pesquisadores contemporâneos que dissertam sobre o conceito de felicidade na contemporaneidade. Os resultados indicam que há uma ascendência nos casos de sofrimento psíquico dentro do ambiente acadêmico da pós-graduação, o que gera descontentamento, ansiedade e, consequentemente, infelicidade. Observou-se também que o sistema social capitalista, nos distancia da temperança, da ética e da moralidade, não obstante, também da felicidade enquanto conceito epicuriano. (shrink)

Being a controversial industry, oil companies turn to corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a means to obtain legitimacy. Adopting a case study methodology, this research examines the characteristics of CSR strategies and CSR communication tactics of six oil companies by analyzing their 2011–2012 web site content. We found that all six companies engaged in CSR activities addressing the needs of various stakeholders and had cross-sector partnerships. CSR information on these companies’ web sites was easily accessible, often involving the use of (...) multimedia technologies and sometimes social media platforms. Furthermore, to boost the credibility of their CSR messages, these companies utilized a variety of tactics, such as factual arguments and two-sided messages. In sum, this research unveils the interconnectedness among business strategy, CSR practices, and CSR communication in oil companies’ attempt to gain legitimacy in an environment of controversy. The article ends with a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of the research findings. (shrink)

Logical reflection in early modern philosophy (EMP) is marked by the instability of the period, although it is more lasting (the Port-Royal Logic was nevertheless used as a handbook in philosophy courses until the end of the nineteenth century). It started in the sixteenth century and ended in the nineteenth century, a period of 300 years during which there were deep transformations in the conceptions of authority and scientific method. For the history of twentieth-century philosophy, it was the period of (...) “classical logic,” which lasted from the Renaissance to the linguistic turn conducted by Gottlob Frege. The period was used to be thought of as centuries of little or no original contribution to logic, in which conceptions of logic were tainted by rhetoric, epistemology, and psychologism in the worst sense (Kneale and Kneale 1962; Michael 1997). From the last decades of the twentieth century, however, scholars began to regard this period more accurately with respect to reflection and changes in logic and semantics. It has recently become a promising field for historical and conceptual research; today we can say that the legacy of early modern logical reformism has a philosophical, logical, and semantic value in itself. (shrink)